Science in the 20th Century and Beyond

Jon Agar’s Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond is not your typical starry-eyed history of science. Instead, it’s a clear-eyed, no-nonsense tour through the tangled relationship between science and the world it inhabits, from 1900 up to the present. Forget neat stories of isolated geniuses. Agar insists that science is best understood as a set of "working worlds"—real, often messy arenas where humans tackle problems that demand scientific input. These aren’t just labs or universities; they’re farms, battlefields, government halls, and even computer rooms.

The book’s real strength is its refusal to treat science as a detached, purely intellectual endeavor. Instead, Agar shows how scientific fields like physics, biology, psychology, and computing didn’t just pop out of thin air. They emerged and evolved because of practical needs and social pressures. For example, early genetics wasn’t just about understanding heredity for curiosity’s sake—it grew out of agricultural breeding efforts, trying to make better crops and livestock. This kind of practical problem-solving, Agar argues, shaped much of 20th-century science.

One of the more sobering points Agar makes is about war. World Wars I and II weren’t just tragic human catastrophes; they were also accelerators of scientific development. The urgency of war funneled massive funding into research, leading to breakthroughs like radar, nuclear physics, and antibiotics. But Agar doesn’t romanticize this. He’s clear-eyed about the fact that science’s progress is often tied to conflict and political agendas, not just noble quests for knowledge.

Agar also tackles the rise of “Big Science”—that sprawling, expensive, and often bureaucratic beast of postwar research institutions. Think particle accelerators the size of city blocks or sprawling government labs. These projects brought new challenges: how to manage vast teams, handle political oversight, and keep science relevant to society’s needs. The book explores how this shift changed the nature of doing science itself.

Another refreshing aspect is Agar’s global lens. He doesn’t just stick to the usual Western stories. Instead, he acknowledges science’s diverse trajectories worldwide, showing how different societies shaped and were shaped by scientific endeavors. This broader perspective helps avoid the trap of seeing modern science as a purely Western export.

That said, the book’s broad sweep means some topics get less of a deep dive than specialists might want. Agar covers a lot of ground, but sometimes at the expense of detail. Also, the lack of an index is a practical headache if you want to dig back into specific points.

Overall, Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond is a rich, nuanced, and refreshingly pragmatic look at how science really works. It’s less about celebrating science as an abstract ideal and more about understanding it as a human activity tangled up with politics, society, and history. For anyone curious about why science looks the way it does today—and why it can’t be separated from the world around it—Agar’s book is a solid guide.