Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond

Jon Agar’s “Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond” takes a sharp scalpel to the usual myth of science as this detached, objective quest for truth. Instead, he insists that science is deeply embedded in what he calls “working worlds”—those messy arenas where human projects collide with real problems. Think military labs, industrial research floors, government offices, and even political arenas. Science, Agar argues, doesn’t float free from society; it’s both shaped by and shaping these contexts.

This isn’t just a fancy academic rebranding. It’s a practical way to understand why science in the twentieth century looks so different from the neat stories we learned in school. Agar shows how the two World Wars weren’t just tragic global events but pivotal moments that turbocharged scientific innovation—because suddenly, science had to deliver weapons, medicines, and technologies on demand. Military needs pushed physics into new realms, industrial challenges drove genetics into agriculture and medicine, and political goals steered psychological research toward managing populations or boosting productivity.

What stands out is Agar’s refusal to treat science as a monolith. Instead, he paints a sprawling panorama across disciplines—physics, biology, psychology, computer science—showing how each field’s development was tangled up with different “working worlds.” Quantum mechanics wasn’t just abstract theory; it emerged as physicists wrestled with puzzles that had real-world implications, sometimes military or industrial. Genetics wasn’t just about understanding heredity; it was about feeding populations and curing diseases. Psychology wasn’t simply exploring the mind; it was also about shaping behavior in workplaces and armies.

This approach challenges the traditional narrative of science as a solitary, purely intellectual pursuit, highlighting instead how science’s aims, methods, and even what counts as knowledge are influenced by external pressures and priorities. Agar’s interdisciplinary lens is a breath of fresh air because it doesn’t let any single discipline hog the spotlight or pretend it’s the “purest” science.

But let’s not pretend this book is a flawless masterpiece. Agar leans heavily on well-trodden examples—physics, genetics, big wartime projects—which means some lesser-known scientific stories get short shrift. The sheer breadth of his survey also means some topics don’t get the deep dive they deserve. It’s a bit like trying to cover the entire twentieth century’s scientific landscape in one go: you get the big picture, but sometimes the details blur.

Still, the book’s core insight—that science is a social endeavor deeply enmeshed in the practical demands and power struggles of its time—is a valuable corrective to starry-eyed views of science. It reminds us that what counts as progress depends on who’s asking the questions and what problems they want solved. And that’s as true today as it was a hundred years ago.

For anyone curious about why science looks the way it does, how it’s shaped by—and shapes—society, and why history matters in understanding modern science, Agar’s book is a solid, thought-provoking read. Just don’t expect a neat, inspirational tale of pure discovery. Instead, get ready for a grounded, sometimes messy, but ultimately clearer view of how science really works in the world.