A Study of Pueblo Pottery as Illustrative of Zuñi Culture Growth. Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1882-83, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1886, pages 467-522

Frank Hamilton Cushing’s detailed study examines Pueblo pottery as a window into the cultural evolution of the Zuñi people, combining archaeological, linguistic, and ethnographic evidence. The work traces the development of Pueblo architecture from early circular lava-stone dwellings to complex, many-storied cliff and mesa pueblos, showing how environmental challenges shaped building forms and social organization. Pottery, closely linked to these architectural changes, evolved from practical basketry techniques used during semi-nomadic phases to durable coiled clay vessels. Early water carriers transitioned from cane tubes to gourds encased in wicker, and eventually to clay water-bottles that preserved basketry features like double handles and plain bottoms.

The study highlights how local natural resources—clay quality, minerals, and firing fuels such as sheep dung and bituminous coal—influenced pottery’s durability and decoration. Pottery forms developed from simple wicker trays and bowls into coiled and corrugated vessels, with smoothing techniques enabling painted surfaces. Decorations evolved from incised and relief patterns to angular painted designs, often inspired by basketry motifs. A notable feature is the deliberate leaving open of encircling lines or ornamental zones on food- and water-vessels. Pueblo people regard these vessels as 'Made Beings' with a life force, and the open lines symbolize the 'exit trail of life' or breath, a belief supported by ritual practices and superstitions tied to pottery making.

Symbolism permeates the pottery’s decoration: geometric forms represent natural phenomena such as rainbows, sky, lightning, and clouds. Sacred vessels combine multiple symbols to embody complex mythic ideas like storms and seasonal rains. The study also notes regional variations in American pottery traditions, suggesting independent origins of ceramic art beyond the Southwest. Throughout, Cushing approaches his subject with scholarly rigor and respect, acknowledging uncertainties and emphasizing the importance of cultural context in interpreting pottery forms and meanings. This work invites readers to appreciate the deep connections between environment, technology, art, and belief in Pueblo culture.