Letters on the Moral and Religious State of South America Written during a residence of nearly seven years in Buenos Aires, Chile, Peru and Colombia

James D.D. Thomson's Letters on the Moral and Religious State of South America offers a detailed, firsthand account of nearly seven years spent promoting education and Bible circulation across Buenos Aires, Chile, Peru, Colombia, and beyond during the turbulent post-independence era. The work is a collection of letters originally written for private circulation, revealing the author's persistent efforts to establish Lancasterian mutual instruction schools and distribute Spanish and indigenous-language Scriptures despite political instability, war, and logistical obstacles.

Thomson arrives in Buenos Aires in 1818, recovering from illness but quickly engaging with local authorities to introduce the Lancasterian system, a method emphasizing mutual teaching among students. He gains support from magistrates and clergy, establishing schools that serve hundreds of children. His work extends to Monte Video, Chile, and Peru, where governments often provide buildings—sometimes former convents—for schools. In Lima, for example, a decree mandates the adoption of mutual instruction and teacher training, reflecting official endorsement.

The author works discreetly as an agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society, promoting the circulation of Spanish New Testaments and encouraging translation efforts into indigenous languages like Quichua. These translations, revised by local clergymen and descendants of Incan royalty, symbolize a cultural and spiritual restoration. Despite opposition from some Catholic authorities, including bishops wary of unannotated Scriptures, many priests, friars, and government officials support the mission.

Political upheavals shape much of the narrative: San Martin’s resignation in Peru, the Spanish army's temporary occupation of Lima, the formation of new governments, and Bolívar’s arrival all influence the stability and progress of educational and religious initiatives. Natural disasters such as earthquakes add to the challenges. Throughout, Thomson maintains a diplomatic and hopeful tone, emphasizing cooperation across political and religious divides.

Traveling extensively—from Guayaquil to Riobamba, Quito, Popayan, and Bogotá—Thomson sells and distributes Scriptures, often encountering eager readers, supportive governors, and hospitable clergy. He notes the importance of female education and plans for academies despite financial constraints. The establishment of Bible Societies, notably in Bogotá, marks a significant step toward religious liberty and moral reform.

The letters reveal the interplay between tradition and reform, highlighting tensions between entrenched Catholic structures and emerging Protestant influences. Thomson’s theological dialogues with Catholic friends illustrate respectful but firm engagement with doctrinal differences. His accounts of children’s enthusiasm for Scripture reading and the use of mutual instruction methods provide concrete examples of educational innovation.

Throughout, the author appeals for continued support, prayer, and practical aid, inviting readers to share in the mission’s hopes and challenges. While uncertainties remain about the long-term sustainability of reforms amid ongoing political instability, the letters offer a vivid snapshot of a continent in transition, where education and Scripture circulation are seen as seeds for moral and religious renewal.