The History of a Crime The Testimony of an Eye-Witness

Victor Hugo’s The History of a Crime offers a gripping, detailed narrative of the December 1851 coup d'état led by Louis Bonaparte, told from the perspective of an active participant and eyewitness. The story begins on December 2, when the National Assembly is forcibly dissolved, Representatives arrested, and Paris awakes to placards announcing the end of constitutional government. Despite disbelief and widespread underestimation of Louis Bonaparte’s intentions, Hugo and other Representatives immediately rally to resist. They debate whether to act swiftly or wait for popular uprising, with Hugo advocating immediate constitutional resistance and armed protest if necessary.

The coup’s forces occupy the Assembly, arrest numerous Representatives, and suppress judicial institutions like the High Court of Justice, which hesitates and ultimately fails to act decisively. The arrested Representatives endure harsh imprisonment, yet maintain solidarity and dignity. Meanwhile, Hugo and a Committee of Resistance seek to organize insurrection, raising barricades in Paris’s working-class districts such as Faubourg St. Antoine. Despite their courage and calls to arms, the general populace remains hesitant or resigned, and the insurrection struggles to gain momentum.

The narrative captures moments of heroism, such as the death of Representative Baudin defending a barricade, and the peaceful appeals of Denis Dussoubs to soldiers, who are met with lethal force. The government responds with brutal repression, issuing decrees outlawing resistance, prohibiting meetings, and threatening to shoot anyone defending barricades. Massacres occur, including indiscriminate killings of civilians on Boulevard Montmartre and elsewhere, revealing the cold calculation of the coup’s leaders.

Amidst the violence, the Representatives continue to issue decrees deposing Louis Bonaparte and calling for resistance, even as many are arrested, exiled, or killed. Victor Hugo himself faces arrest and narrowly escapes Paris, aided by friends and disguises. The narrative also explores the failure of institutions—the cowardice of Assembly leaders like M. Dupin, the hesitation of military generals, and the complicity or impotence of the High Court. The Archbishop of Paris declines to intervene, reflecting the complex interplay of religion and politics.

The book culminates in the tragic failure of the republican resistance, the exile of many leaders, and the brutal consolidation of Bonaparte’s power. Yet Hugo’s account also looks forward, reflecting on the eventual downfall of Napoleon III after the Franco-Prussian War and envisioning a future of peace and unity in Europe. Throughout, the narrative balances vivid eyewitness detail, political analysis, and personal reflection, conveying the urgency, tragedy, and moral stakes of this pivotal moment in French history.